Due to increased globalization there has been a corresponding increase in noncommunicable disease. Broad-based survey of food-related issues administered in the Kingdom of Tonga to investigate. Data on the relationships between food preferences, perception of nutritional value, and frequency of consuption gathered for traditional and imported foods.
2) Martion, B. PSY. (2006) Does Stress Cause Heart Disease? Psych Central
Scientific evidence indicates contiuous mental stress can adversely affect the cardiovasular system. Prolonged stress leads to surges in heart rate, blood pressure, and an actual decrease in blood flow to the heart.
3) World Health Organization. (2002) Impact of Chronic Disease in Tonga. WHO International Report.
Raised BMI (Body Mass Index) - overweight & obesity, is a significant cause of chronic disease. In Tonga, chronic diseases accounted for 73% of all deaths in 2002 with 37% of those caused by CVD. The report contains graphs depicting the prevelance of obesity in Tonga with the projected prevelance on the rise, increasing drastically by 2015
4) Martin, PR., MacLeod, C. (2009). Behavioral Management of Headache Triggers. Clin Psychol Rev (29) 483-95.
The standard clinical advice for individuals who suffer from recurrent headaches is that the best way to prevent headaches is to avoid the triggers. This editorial challenges that advice from a number of perspectives. pathway to developing a primary headache disorder may be via attempts to avoid triggers resulting in increased sensitivity to triggers. Also, clinicians need to become more flexible in the advice they give pertaining to triggers, namely they should think ‘coping with triggers’ rather than avoiding all triggers, as avoidance will sometimes be the preferred strategy, but often it will not be.
5) Morris, M. (2004) The Patient with Daily Headaches. National Library of Medicine-American family physician. 2299-2306.
The term "chronic daily headache" (CDH) describes a variety of headache types, of which chronic migraine is the most common. Treatment of CDH focuses on reduction of headache triggers and use of preventive medication, most commonly anti-depressants, antiepileptic drugs, and beta blockers. Anxiety and depression are common in patients with CDH and should be identified and treated. Although the condition is challenging, appropriate treatment of patients with CDH can bring about significant improvement in the patient's quality-of-life.
6) Martin, R. P. (2010) Behavioral Management of Migraine Triggers. Current Pain and Headache Reports. (14) 221-227
A small number of studies suggest that exposure to headache triggers has the same effect as exposure to anxiety-eliciting stimuli, with short exposure associated with increased pain response and prolonged exposure associated with decreased pain response. On the basis of this literature, “learning to cope with triggers” is advocated, where controlled exposure and approach/confront strategies are used to manage migraine triggers, except in cases where such an approach would probably be inappropriate.
7) Cady, R. et al. (2010) A Patient's Guide to Successful Migraine Care. Managing Migraine. (56-57)
A schedule for three meals a day and a consistent time for going to bed and awakening each morning is important for those with a migrainous nervous system. Following sound nutritional practices, such as avoiding junk food, limiting caffeine, consuming a liter of water per day, and avoiding substances that may potentially trigger migraine is essential.
8) Johnson, K. et al. (2011) NINDS Publication and Information. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
There are four types of headache: vascular, muscle contraction (tension), traction, and inflammatory. The most common type of vascular headache is migraine. Like other types of pain, headaches can serve as warning signals of more serious disorders. This is particularly true for headaches caused by inflammation, including those related to meningitis as well as those resulting from diseases of the sinuses, spine, neck, ears, and teeth.
9) (2009) I Hate Headaches. Illinois Limited Liability Company.
More people complain about headaches than any other medical ailment. There are approximately 45 million
Americans complaining of headaches each year. That works out to about
one in every six people or 16.54% of the population. More than eight
million Americans visit their doctor for complaints of headache each year.
- 69 percent of males experience tension headaches
- 88 percent of females experience tension headaches
- Average age of first onset is between nine and 12 years old
- 25 percent of women suffer a migraine at least once
- 8 percent of men
- 60 percent of migraines are unilateral, or present on one side
- 85 percent report some sort of trigger that kicks off their headache12
of Migraine Pain. Current Review: Clinical Science.
There is a considerable amount of clinical data to suggest that most migraine attacks, despite their seemingly spontaneous nature, are triggered by a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors. Although a number of hypotheses of migraine origin have been set forth, the links between triggering factors and the migraine pain pathway remain largely understudied and therefore poorly understood.
There is a considerable amount of clinical data to suggest that most migraine attacks, despite their seemingly spontaneous nature, are triggered by a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors. Although a number of hypotheses of migraine origin have been set forth, the links between triggering factors and the migraine pain pathway remain largely understudied and therefore poorly understood.
11) Boes, CJ, et al. (2008) Neurology in Clinical Practice . 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Butterworth-Heinemann. chap 73.
Causes, home care, when to contact a medical professional and prevention.
The most common headaches are likely caused by tight muscles in your shoulders, neck, scalp, and jaw. These are called tension headaches. They are often related to stress, depression, or anxiety.
Overworking, not getting enough sleep, missing meals, and using alcohol or street drugs can make you more likely to get them. Headaches can be triggered by:
- Cheese
- Chocolate
- Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
- Clenching or grinding your teeth
- Exerting yourself too much
- Holding your head in one position for a long time, like at a computer, microscope, or typewriter
- Poor sleep position
12) World Health Organization (2004) Headache Disorders. Fact Sheet.
Few population-based studies exist for developing countries where limited funding and large and often rural populations, coupled with the low profile of headache disorders compared with other diseases, prevent the systematic collection of information.......In developed countries, Tension Type Headache (TTH) alone affects two-thirds of adult males and over 80% of females. Extrapolation from figures for migraine prevalence and attack incidence suggests that 3000 migraine attacks occur every day for each million of the general population. Less well recognized is the toll of chronic daily headache: up to one adult in 20 has headache every or nearly every day.
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